Government Reports

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Survey Report 2021 of Efforts to Implement OSCE Commitments and Recommended Actions to Combat Trafficking in Human Beings

This 2020 follow-up survey was developed for the purpose of tracking progress made towards the implementation of anti-trafficking commitments since 2015, with specific emphasis on recent Ministerial Council Decisions adopted during the interim. In line with these commitments, the survey features new sections on vulnerability reduction, awareness-raising, and addressing demand, as well as the role of technology in facilitating and combating human trafficking and online sexual exploitation of children. It has also been designed to develop recommendations with consideration to emerging trends, challenges and opportunities in responding to complex, cross-dimensional, and evolving crime of trafficking in human beings.

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Guidance Note on addressing the risks of trafficking in human beings related to the war in Ukraine and the ensuing humanitarian crisis

Over five million people have been forced to flee Ukraine in the first two months of the war, seeking refuge in neighbouring countries and onwards across Europe. An estimated 90% of them are women and children. In addition, more than 7.7 million people have been internally displaced (Sources: UNHCR and IOM). This unprecedented movement of people poses significant logistical challenges for public institutions and aid organisations, in particular in countries bordering Ukraine. Front-line civil society organisations, specialised NGOs and journalists have quickly sounded the alarm over suspected cases of human trafficking among people fleeing Ukraine.

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Applying Gender-Sensitive Approaches In Combating Trafficking In Human Beings

The relationship between trafficking in human beings (THB) and gender is both intrinsic and complex. Proper attention to the gender dynamics of both the trafficking crime and the response to it can yield more impactful outcomes. On the other hand, failure to understand the relationship between THB and gender leads to inadequate responses that exacerbate stereotypes and create barriers to the provision of protection and assistance to all victims. For this reason, States are required under the Palermo Protocol and other international instruments to adopt and implement gender-sensitive approaches to combating THB.

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Compendium of Good Practice Examples to Combat Exploitation in Supply Chains

This Compendium is a product of regional collaboration and cooperation. It brings together knowledge and expertise from the sixteen countries and three international organizations that are members of the Working Group with the aim of facilitating information and knowledge sharing on initiatives to combat exploitation in supply chains to inspire government action on a global scale.

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Trafficking In Human Beings And Terrorism: Where and how they intersect

Trafficking in Human Beings and Terrorism: Where and How They Intersect examines yet another evolving area: the con- nection between terrorism and trafficking in human beings. Despite the acknowledgement in various international reports of links between human trafficking and terrorism, there remains a dearth of well-grounded research on them, as well as a scarcity of policy guidelines for effectively tackling both crimes while protecting victims.

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Multidisciplinary Collaborative Model for Anti-Human Trafficking Task Forces – Development and Operations Roadmap

Since 2004, the U.S. Department of Justice has provided federal funding to support the multidisciplinary task force approach. These task forces uphold the intent of the Trafficking Victims Protection Act (TVPA) by ensuring that all trafficking victims are identified and receive access to a comprehensive array of supportive services, and that the crimes of human trafficking are successfully investigated and prosecuted at the local, state, tribal, and federal levels.

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The Forced Labour Protocol Guide

The Forced Labour Protocol represents a vital opportunity for trade unions and their allies to obtain, through social dialogue and action, measures to end exploitative labour practices and to advance opportunities for decent work. Forced labour and human trafficking are products of the political economies in which they occur. That is, they emerge from the nature of the laws, policies and practices that govern employment, business and trade. Understanding the nature of the political economy of forced labour can enable trade unions and human rights activists to adapt advocacy strategies to advance decent work through appropriate national and international channels.

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Evaluation of the Domestic Victims of Human Trafficking Program: Final Report

To improve services for domestic victims of human trafficking, the Office on Trafficking in Persons (OTIP), within the Administration for Children and Families (ACF) of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, awarded 13 three-year cooperative agreements in 2016 to nongovernmental organizations across the United States. This report documents the experiences of 12 grantees1 that implemented DVHT projects in Alaska, Arizona, Arkansas, California, Illinois, Louisiana, Massachusetts, Michigan, New Jersey, Ohio, Oregon, and Utah. ACF’s Office of Planning, Research, and Evaluation (OPRE), in collaboration with OTIP, oversaw a cross-site process evaluation of these projects conducted by RTI International.

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Examining the link: Foster care runaway episodes and human trafficking

Children and youth who run from foster care placements are a growing concern among policymakers and practitioners. A large number of youth in foster care run away from their placement at least once, and many do multiple times. Running from care is associated with a range of serious negative consequences, including human trafficking victimization. In this brief, we first discuss the number of youth who run from foster care, factors that place youth at risk of running from care, and the evidence around running from care and sex trafficking victimization. Where applicable, we also review the evidence around running from care and labor trafficking. We conclude with a discussion of promising efforts to reduce runaway behavior.

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Developing Freedom: The Sustainable Development Case for Ending Modern Slavery, Forced Labour and Human Trafficking: SYNOPSIS

40.3 million people – around 1 in every 185 people alive – experienced modern slavery or forced labour in 2016. Ending modern slavery is central to several targets of the UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), notably Target 8.7. Yet, development sector voices are often notable for their absence from global anti-slavery and anti-trafficking discussions. This study considers a simple question: how can fighting slavery contribute to sustainable development? Over eighteen months, we used comprehensive literature reviews and mapping, quantitative analysis, surveys and mixed methods case studies.

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Developing Freedom: The Sustainable Development Case for Ending Modern Slavery, Forced Labour and Human Trafficking: KEY FINDINGS

There were an estimated 40.3 million people in modern slavery in 2016 – 1 in every 185 people. Modern slavery involves some people treating others as if they own them. This involves intentional denial or restriction of victims’ economic agency, even as survivors assert agency in other ways. When one person enslaves another, they prevent them exercising outside labour options, and may control consumption, savings and investment choices. This control can be used to extract a rent, by coercing the victim to work below market wage. Sustainable development and human development have focused on developing people’s capabilities but have assumed people control their own economic agency. That is not always so. Addressing slavery requires a different way of thinking, that seeks to protect and maximize agency.

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GUIDANCE NOTE on preventing and combatting trafficking in human beings for the purpose of labour exploitation

At its 35th meeting in July 2019, GRETA decided to set up an ad hoc working group on strength- ening action to combat trafficking for the purpose of labour exploitation, which drafted a compendium of good practices in the area of combating trafficking in human beings for the purpose of labour exploitation. On the basis of the compendium, GRETA has adopted this Guidance Note to further strengthen the implementation of the obligation to take measures to prevent and combat trafficking for the purpose of labour exploitation.

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Australia’s National Action Plan to Combat Modern Slavery 2020–25

The National Action Plan sets the strategic direction of our work to combat modern slavery in Australia over the next five years. Modern slavery is a devastating crime that exploits the most vulnerable in our communities. It is a crime that sees women, men and children deprived of their freedom and robbed of their rights. Modern slavery also taints the global supply chains of the goods and services we purchase everyday. The United Nations estimates that over 40 million people are trapped in modern slavery, including 16 million in private sector supply chains. Australia is not immune. There were an estimated 1,900 victims and survivors of modern slavery between 2015 and 2017 alone, with 83 per cent being women and girls. Modern slavery has no place in our society. This is why we have been relentless in our opposition to these grave violations of human rights through implementing a strong program of initiatives to combat modern slavery in Australia and abroad.

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Hidden in Plain Sight: An inquiry into Establishing a Modern Slavery Act in Australia

Modern slavery is often ‘hidden in plain sight’. These heinous crimes are present across a range of industries in Australia and in the global supply chains of businesses and organisations operating here. Latest estimates suggest that over 40 million people around the world, and 4 300 in Australia, are victims of some form of modern slavery, which includes human trafficking, slavery, debt bondage, forced labour and other slavery-like practices.

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Independent Anti-Slavery Commissioner Annual Report 2019-2020

From Dame Sara Thornton – Independent Anti-Slavery Commissioner: The Modern Slavery Act (2015) sets out my role to encourage good practice across the UK and in my strategic plan which was laid before parliament in October 2019 I set out how I planned to do that. This report is structured around the four priorities in the strategic plan and details my activities, and those of my small team, over eleven months from my appointment in May 2019.

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COVID-19: CHILD SEXUAL EXPLOITATION

The global impact of COVID-19 means people are spending more time online. This includes both children and adults. Adults working remotely are less able to spend time with their children, who are allowed greater unsupervised internet access. As a result, children are: more exposed to offenders through online gaming, the use of chat groups in apps, phishing attempts via email, unsolicited contact in social media and through less secure online educational applications; more inclined towards making explicit material to exchange with peers, eventually reaching child sex offenders; in some cases, becoming lonely and isolated, which offenders try to benefit from, connecting with them to produce explicit material or to arrange a meeting in real life.

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A typology of child trafficking in Albania

This report aims to better understand how Albania’s child protection system works as it relates to potential victims of child trafficking. It is based on the detailed data from 45 cases reported by the Child Protection Units from eleven municipalities across Albania. The cases were selected from those collected by the State Agency for the Rights and Protection of the Child in the framework of the support provided by the OSCE Presence in Albania because they demonstrate strong evidence of child trafficking.

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Implementing the Modern Slavery Act 2018: The Australian Government’s Annual Report

Modern slavery is an abhorrent crime that violates the personal freedom and dignity of vulnerable people around the world. Tragically, many victims of modern slavery are exploited in the supply chains of the goods and services we use every day. The United Nations estimates that over 40 million people are trapped in modern slavery and 16 million people are exploited in private sector supply chains. Australia is not immune from modern slavery. The Australian Institute of Criminology estimates that between 2015 and 2017 there were up to 1,900 victims of modern slavery in Australia.

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European Migrant Smuggling Centre: 4th Annual Report

Early in 2020, the European Union’s (EU) Member States and partner countries in and outside the Schengen Area were struck by the COVID-19 pandemic. This crisis will have a lasting impact on our societies and economies. The same is true for the organised crime environment where not only cybercrime, fraud and organised property crime is thriving in the wake of this crisis, but the dynamics of migrant smuggling and human trafficking are changing too. To counter this threat, we have to use the great advantage of shared intelligence to target these types of international organised crime and Europol plays a key role.

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Child trafficking and child protection: Ensuring that Child Protection Mechanisms Protect the Rights and Meet the Needs of Child Victims of Human Trafficking

In light of the heightened vulnerability of children, combating trafficking in children has been at the forefront of the OSCE’s anti-trafficking agenda for many years. Since the adoption of the 2003 OSCE Action Plan to Combat Trafficking in Human Beings and its subsequent Addendum on Addressing the Special Needs of Child Victims of Trafficking for Protection and Assistance, there has been notable progress in delivering adequate and effective responses to trafficking in children in the OSCE area. However, anti-trafficking stakeholders continue to face substantial challenges to the practical implementation of their national laws and policies. A full alignment with the OSCE anti-trafficking commitments, in particular related to children, remains to be achieved.

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The Critical Role of Civil Society in Combating Trafficking in Human Beings

The purpose of this Occasional Paper is to outline and analyse the role played by civil society in efforts to address the threat posed by the crime of human trafficking. This paper is an additional tool to assist the OSCE participating States in strengthening their response to trafficking in human beings, especially in the area of partnerships as a fundamental component of an effective anti-trafficking response.

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From Reception to Recognition: Identifying and Protecting Human Trafficking Victims in Mixed Migration Flows

The prolonged instability in the Middle-East, Sahel and North Africa has given rise to exceptional movements of migrants and refugees. Large mixed migratory flows have considerably affected receiving OSCE participating States, in particular countries along the Mediterranean and Balkan routes, making this essentially a European emergency. It is becoming increasingly evident that the current migration and refugee crisis creates a perfect market for the exploitation of migrants within transit and p destination countries by unscrupulous criminal syndi- cates and lone perpetrators.

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Model Guidelines on Government Measures to Prevent Trafficking for Labour Exploitation in Supply Chains

The aim of these model guidelines is to provide a practical tool to assist OSCE participating States and Partners for Cooperation to implement concrete measures to prevent trafficking in human beings in supply chains. It highlights how States can implement legislation and policies that promote transparency to ensure that public supply chains are free from trafficked labour; and promote the fair and ethical recruitment of workers.

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Compendium of relevant reference materials and resources on ethical sourcing and prevention of trafficking in human beings for labour exploitation in supply chains

The Compendium of Resources is divided into three sections. The first chapter includes State initiatives, such as laws, policies, national action plans, and guidelines developed by national authorities to address forced labour and human trafficking in supply chains. The second chapter looks at the work of NGOs, civil society, academia and the private sector regarding ethical sourcing and exploitation in supply chains. Finally, the third chapter reflects relevant initiatives of international organizations, including international treaties, political commitments, reports, publications, and others.

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Information and Decision-Making Among Sub-Saharan Migrants Traveling to Europe through Libya

Arrivals to Europe from Africa, especially across the central Mediterranean route from Libya and Tunisia to Italy, have fallen since mid-2017. Most observers believe that European Union (EU) migration policies, particularly EU and Libyan interdiction measures as well as agreements between the EU and various governments, are responsible for the falling numbers of arrivals. Yet EU officials and many experts also believe that the underlying drivers of migration, including migrants’ hopes for better lives in Europe and/or migrants’ desires to flee oppressive regimes and conflict zones, are still firmly in place.

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Modern Slavery Act 2018 and associated matters

The task of this inquiry was to examine the New South Wales Modern Slavery Act 2018, which was passed by the NSW Parliament on 21 June 2018 and has yet to be proclaimed. The committee was also tasked with examining consultation drafts prepared by the NSW Government of the Modern Slavery Amendment Bill 2019 and Modern Slavery Regulation 2019. The committee expresses its support for the NSW Act, based on the evidence in this inquiry as to its many world-leading features. These include a robust supply chain transparency scheme for both business and government, an Anti-Slavery Commissioner, the creation of new modern slavery offences, support for victims and the establishment of a parliamentary committee to provide oversight of this important policy area.

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Endline research findings on fishers and seafood workers in Thailand

This endline survey shows the accomplishment of the integration between the public sector, employers, workers, and civil society, with a mutual ambition to prevent and eliminate trafficking in persons, child labour, forced labour, and unacceptable forms of work in Thailand’s fishing and seafood processing industries. Some of Thailand’s achievements have been revealed in the reports, such as the increasing of regular labour migration, lower costs for migration and higher wages. However, there are still gaps and challenges, and every partner in Thailand and neighbouring countries needs to work together to encourage fair and sustainable seafood industries along the global supply chains.

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Study on due diligence requirements through the supply chain

This study for the European Commission focuses on due diligence requirements to identify, prevent, mitigate and account for abuses of human rights, including the rights of the child and fundamental freedoms, serious bodily injury or health risks, environmental damage, including with respect to climate.

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Department of Homeland Security Strategy to Combat Human Trafficking, the Importation of Goods Produced With Forced Labor, and Child Sexual Exploitation

The United States has declared it a national priority to end human trafficking, the importation of goods produced with forced labor, and child sexual exploitation. The U.S. Department of Homeland Security is on the frontlines of this fight, protecting the country and collaborating with our partners to stop these crimes. To leverage all of our authorities in this fight, DHS developed a first-of-its-kind Strategy to Combat Human Trafficking, the Importation of Goods Produced with Forced Labor, and Child Sexual Exploitation. It represents our vision to end this urgent humanitarian issue, articulates the Department’s long-term approach for combating these crimes, and serves as a framework to prioritize our resources and monitor progress.

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Report of the OSCE Special Representative and Co-ordinator for Combating Trafficking in Human Beings: New Challenges and New Opportunities

The Office of the Special Representative and Co-ordinator for Combating Trafficking in Human Beings (OSR/CTHB) confronts human trafficking concretely and comprehen- sively, paying particular attention to its cross-dimensional nature and the OSCE’s focus on the intersection of secu- rity and human rights. Trafficking in human beings is not only a human rights violation but also a grave security concern. It generates cross-border and internal instability when the rule of law and human security are undermined through the exploitation of vulnerable people. Security and human rights in the OSCE region are threatened as long as the scourge of human trafficking persists.

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Review of Models of Care for Trafficking Survivors in Thailand

This report summarizes the findings of a Review of Models of Care for Trafficking Survivors that was completed by Winrock International (Winrock) in 2018-2019 under the United States Agency for International Development’s Thailand Counter Trafficking-in-Persons project. The research aimed to compare models of care available to trafficked persons (men, women, girls and boys, and lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, queer, and intersex [LGBTQI] people) in Thailand, and assess their relative effectiveness in victim recovery. The study also explored models used elsewhere that could be adapted to the Thailand context.

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Stolen freedom: the policing response to modern slavery and human trafficking

In the UK, today and every day, thousands of men, women and children who are victims of modern slavery and human trafficking are being degraded and dehumanised. These crimes are multi-faceted. Cases may involve single or multiple offenders or victims, and may be national or international, organised or opportunistic. They occur in both rural and metropolitan areas, in settings ranging from nail bars to construction sites, and involve activities from domestic servitude to the trafficking of children for sexual exploitation. It is imperative that police forces are aware of the signs and indicators of these most pernicious and frequently hidden of crimes so that they can respond in an appropriate manner.

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Service Recommendations for Human Trafficking Survivors With Substance Use Disorders

This document was developed by fellows of the 2018 Human Trafficking Leadership Academy (HTLA) organized through the National Human Trafficking Training and Technical Assistance Center (NHTTAC) and Coro Northern California. A team of six non-government service providers and six survivor leaders worked together to develop recommendations on how to enhance service provision to survivors of human trafficking or those at risk of human trafficking using trauma-informed practices and survivor-informed principles.

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Judge’s Summit on Human Trafficking and Organized Crime

We would like to hear from judges how they deal with the issues of sex trafficking, slave labour, organ trade, drug trafficking and organised crime; how their own judicial systems could better incorporate our humanitarian values; and how capacity-building could enhance Judges’ appreciation of the needs of victims and not merely the penalization of traffickers.

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Strengthening Protections Against Trafficking in Persons in Federal and Corporate Supply Chains

The EO requires prime contractors providing large overseas contracts to develop and maintain detailed anti-trafficking compliance programs and provide annual certification of their anti- trafficking efforts.

To assist United States Government agencies and the federal contracting community to prepare for implementation of the EO and new FAR rules, the United States Department of State’s Office to Monitor and Combat Trafficking in Persons (DOS/J/TIP) asked Verité to investigate and map out the risk of trafficking in global supply chains generally, and in federal supply chains in particular.

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2014 Report to the Texas Legislature Human Trafficking Prevention Task Force

In conjunction with dedicated members of the Texas Legislature, the Task Force has helped Texas become and remain a leader in anti-trafficking efforts. Shared Hope International, a leading anti-trafficking organization, awarded Texas some of the highest rankings in the nation in 2013 and 2014 in its annual Protected Innocence Challenge. Texas received perfect scores for its efforts to criminalize domestic minor sex trafficking and provide criminal justice tools for investigation and prosecution of trafficking cases. Additionally, the state received near perfect scores for its work related to criminal provisions addressing demand and criminal provisions for traffickers.

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Manual for Experts on Multidisciplinary Cooperation Against Trafficking in Human Beings for Labour Exploitation

Aimed at experts and intended to help inspire and strengthen the policy and practice to address trafficking in human beings (THB) for labour exploitation of all organisations that could come across it. More specifically, it aims to stimulate multidisciplinary and cross-border cooperation and a comprehensive approach against this phenomenon. Expertise and ideas from experts from all Member States were collected as input for the manual. It contains knowledge and expertise on THB for labour exploitation from all over the European Union.

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Trafficking in Human Beings for the Purpose of Organ Removal – A Comprehensive Literature Review

Trafficking in human beings for the purpose of organ removal (THBOR) is prohibited worldwide, yet a growing number of reports indicate its increase across the globe. Many countries in and outside the European Union (EU) have implemented proper legislation against THBOR. However, information regarding the incidence of THBOR and the non-legislative response to it is practically non-existent and unavailable to judicial and law enforcement authorities in the EU member states. Transplant professionals, human rights NGOs and international organizations also have little knowledge and awareness of the crime. This knowledge gap hampers the development of a structured and effective action to this repugnant form of human trafficking, which brings physical and psychological harms to vulnerable individuals. This report’s objective is to gather information and increase knowledge about THBOR. It does so by describing the state-of-the-art of literature on the ethical aspects, causes and the actors involved in THBOR.

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Trafficking in Human Beings

Includes statistical data from all 28 EU Member States and the following EU Candidate and EFTA/EEA (Iceland, Norway) countries: Montenegro, Norway, Serbia, Switzerland and Turkey. This is a working paper looking at statistical data at EU level as gathered and submitted by national authorities. In this respect, it is a unique undertaking in this field at EU level. The data have been collected from official sources, and provide information on registered victims, suspects, prosecutions and convictions, as recorded by the authorities.

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U.S. Department of State Trafficking in Persons (TIP) Report 2014

In addition to assessments of what almost every government in the world is doing to combat modern slavery, this year’s Trafficking in Persons Report takes a hard look at the journey from victim to survivor, making recommendations and highlighting effective practices that, if implemented, could ease the path forward for countless survivors around the world.

To make it easier to download, 2014’s TIP was broken up into sections.

The Geography of Trafficking in Tennessee 2013

Follow-up Report to the Tennessee Human Sex Trafficking and Its Impact on Children and Youth 2011. Profiles minor sex trafficking cases of Tennessee counties and provides statistical comparisons between cases reported from law enforcement and non-law enforcement responders. Additionally, this study analyzes data in counties that reported the highest numbers of minor sex trafficking. As of July 2013, twelve new anti-human trafficking laws have been created to address this epidemic. Domestic issues, the drug trade, poverty and other socio-economic factors serve as catalysts for human sex trafficking.

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Human Trafficking in North Carolina: Human Beings as a Commodity

Research has documented that human trafficking is a growing problem in this country (Richard, 1999). In fact the United States is listed as one of the leading destinations in the world for traffickers (Hepburn & Simon, 2010). The North Carolina Coalition Against Human Trafficking (NCCAHT) (2013) Web site notes that North Carolina ranks in the top eight states in the country for factors conducive to trafficking in persons. These factors include the state’s strategic location on the Eastern seaboard, the number of major interstate highways traversing the state, the large agricultural economy, the number of military installations and the number of ports located in the coastal region. These conditions make North Carolina a prime target for traffickers, whether the commodity is drugs, weapons or human beings (NCCAHT, 2013).

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Sexual Exploitation and Prostitution and Its Impact on Gender Equality

Provides background information drawn from the international literature on sexual exploitation and prostitution and its impact on gender equality in relation to the report of the Women’s Rights and Gender Equality Committee. The study concentrates on the debate on whether prostitution could be voluntary or has rather to be regarded in any case as a violation of women’s human rights. It also presents an overview of the policies on prostitution in the Member States as well as four case studies: Germany, the Netherlands, Spain, and Sweden. Conclusions are presented with the view to enhance the debate.

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Recommendations for Fighting Human Trafficking in the United States and Abroad

2008 Transition Report for the Next Presidential Administration by The Action Group to End Human Trafficking and Modern-Day Slavery. The Action Group is comprised of: the Alliance to Stop Slavery and End Trafficking, Coalition to Abolish Slavery & Trafficking, Free the Slaves, International Justice Mission, Not For Sale Campaign, Polaris Project, Ricky Martin Foundation, Solidarity Center, and Vital Voices Global Partnership. The Action Group is a U.S.-based, non-partisan group of complementary organizations dedicated to abolishing modern-day slavery and human trafficking.

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A National Overview of Prostitution and Sex Trafficking Demand Reduction Efforts

Provides a descriptive overview of initiatives targeting the demand for commercial sex in the United States. It describes the process of gathering the information in this (and other) reports, discusses specific initiatives, and highlights selected communities to illustrate how and why their members have endeavored to address prostitution and sex trafficking by combating demand.

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US Aid Counter-Trafficking in Persons Policy

In line with President Obama’s Presidential Policy Directive on Global Development and under the leadership of Secretary Clinton, USAID has crafted a new Agency-wide policy to combat trafficking in persons. Drawing on best practices from the last decade, the new policy provides guidance on pursuing more effective, efficient, and evidence-based approaches in counter-trafficking.

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List of Goods Produced by Child Labor or Forced Labor, 2014

U.S. Department of Labor’s Bureau of International Labor Affairs, Office of Child Labor, Forced Labor, and Human Trafficking. Who picked the cotton for the shirt on your back? Who cut the cane for the sugar in your co ee? Who red the kiln to make the bricks in your replace? The List contained in these pages originates from a simple conviction: none of the products we consume on a daily basis should be made by an adult who is forced to produce them or a child under conditions that violate international law.

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New York Prevalence Study of Commercially Exploited Children – Final Report

The New York State Legislature required the New York State Office of Children and Family Services (OCFS) to develop a comprehensive study that: (1) estimates the prevalence of sexually exploited children within New York State, (2) identifies the unique needs of sexually exploited children, (3) specifies the types of programs and services that best meet such needs, and (4) evaluates the capacity of the current children’s service system to meet the needs of commercially sexually exploited children (CSEC).

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